Razer and Stefan - Bulgar morons

[Daskalot]

Razer do you neglect the propaganda war unleashed by the Bulgarian Exarchate and schools established in Macedonia around the 1870s?
So what do you think about the 60 years of Bulgarian influence on the Macedonians living in Bulgaria at the time when Pozzi published his book? Has it had an impact on them?
Would you allow us Macedonians to have a 100% control of your Church, educational system and media starting from today and 60 years into the future?
Even imagion that all Bulgarians of this day and age were uneducated peasants not able to read and write, would 60 years make an impact on them?
Would it impact on how Bulgarians would think of themselves and their opinions of Macedonians?

[Razer]

yyes but what rights are you guys giving the minorities like macedonians practically nothing.Why are you beating omo.

George, have you actually been to Pirin to see that? Because I'm highly skeptical about it. I personally think it's anti-Bulgarian propaganda to make you guys turn on us. Do you know Berbatov is from Pirin Macedonia? Do you see him complain about his rights? The first ever female member of the National Guards unit is from Pirin you saw the article I posted earlier...And you say they don't have rights...It just doesn't add up.

OMO was created by the Serbs and at the moment they are supported by the Turks. Don't make the grave mistake to believe everything they say - come to Bulgaria to see the situation with your own eyes.

[George S.]

you can't escape from the tirkic element that is clear where you are from.
Bulgars



Victorious Bulgar soldiers killing their East Roman (Byzantine) opponents, from the Menology of Basil II, 10th century.
The Bulgars (also Bolgars, Bulghars, Huno-Bulgars[1]) were a semi-nomadic people who flourished in the Pontic Steppe and the Volga basin in the 7th century. Ethnically, the Bulgars comprised Turkic and probably Scytho-Sarmatian[2][3] or Sarmatian-Alan[4][5] elements deeply influenced by Turkic peoples.[4] It is not clear whether these Sarmatian elements in the cultural characteristics of the Proto-Bulgars are based on Sarmatized Turks or Turkicized Sarmatians.[6] They had enveloped also other ethnic groups by their migration westwards across the Eurasian steppe.[7][8]
The Bulgars emerged after the collapse of the Hunnic Empire in the 5th century. Originating as nomadic equestrians of Central Asia, they became sedentary during the 7th century, establishing the polities (khanates) of Old Great Bulgaria in the Pontic steppe and Volga Bulgaria on the middle Volga.
Old Great Bulgaria was absorbed by the Khazar Empire in the 8th century, but in the 680s, Khan Asparukh conquered Scythia Minor, opening access to Moesia, and established the First Bulgarian Empire, which was however Slavicized by the 10th century. Volga Bulgaria preserved their national identity well into the 13th century by repelling the first Mongol attacks in 1223. But they were eventually subdued, and their capital Bolghar city became one of major cities of the Mongol Golden Horde. Later, Volga Bulgars mixed with Tatars of Kazan.
Contents [hide]
1 Etymology
2 History
2.1 Hunnic Empire
2.2 Bulgar Khanate
2.3 Subsequent migrations
3 Society
3.1 Social structure
3.2 Religion
4 Language
5 Ethnicity
5.1 Genetics
6 Legacy
7 See also
8 Notes
9 References
10 External links
Etymology

The name Bulgar is derived from the Turkic verb bulğa ("to mix", "shake, "stir") and its derivative bulgak ("revolt", "disorder") by most authorities.[9][10] A minority hypothesis derives it from bel gur ("five clans").[11]
History

Hunnic Empire
Further information: Turkic migration and Huns


Map showing the location of Bulgars, c. 650.
The early Bulgars (or "Proto-Bulgars") may have been present in the Pontic Steppe from the 2nd century, identified with the Bulensii in certain Latin versions of Ptolemy's Geography, shown as occupying the territory along the northwest coast of Black Sea east of Axiacus River (Southern Bug).[12][13][14]
In the early 4th century, the Bulgars would have been caught up in the Hunnic migrations, moving to the fertile lands along the lower valleys of the rivers Donets and Don and the Azov seashore, and assimilating some remainders of the Sarmatians. Some of these remained for centuries in their new settlements, whereas others moved on with the Huns towards Central Europe, settling in Pannonia. Those Bulgars took part in the Hunnic raids on Central and Western Europe between 377 and 453. After the death of Attila in 453, and the subsequent disintegration of the Hunnic Empire, the Bulgar tribes dispersed mostly to the eastern and southeastern parts of Europe.
At the end of the 5th century (probably in the years 480, 486, and 488) they fought against the Ostrogoths as allies of the Byzantine emperor Zeno. From 493 they carried out frequent attacks on the western territories of the Byzantine Empire. Later raids were carried out at the end of the 5th century and the beginning of the 6th century.
Bulgar Khanate


First Bulgarian Empire in 800AD, highlighting the Bulgarian Empireand showing its neighbors.
Main article: Old Great Bulgaria
In the middle of the 6th century, war broke out between the two main Bulgar tribes, the Kutrigur and Utigur. To the west, the Kutrigurs fell under Avar dominion and became influential within the Khaganate. The eastern Utigurs fell under the western Göktürk empire in 568. The Bulgars took the city of Corinth in the middle of the 7th century.[15] United under Kubrat of the Dulo clan (identical to the ruler mentioned by Persian chronicler Tabari under the name of Shahriar), the joined forces of the Utigur and Kutrigur Bulgars, and probably the Bulgar Onogurs, broke loose from the Turkic khanate in the 630s. They formed an independent state, the Onogundur-Bulgar (Oghondor-blkar or Olhontor-blkar) Empire, often called by Byzantine sources "the Old Great Bulgaria". The empire was situated between the lower course of the Danube to the west, the Black Sea and the Azov Sea to the south, the Kuban River to the east, and the Donets River to the north. It is assumed that the state capital was Phanagoria, an ancient city on the Taman peninsula (see Tmutarakan). However, the archaeological evidence shows that the city became predominantly Bulgar only after Kubrat's death and the consequent disintegration of his state.
Subsequent migrations
Further information: Volga Bulgaria and First Bulgarian Empire
According to legend, on his deathbed Khan Kubrat commanded his sons to gather sticks and bring them to him, which he then bundled together. He commanded his eldest son Batbayan (also Bayan or Boyan) to break the bundle. Bayan failed against the strength of the combined sticks, and so did the other sons in turn. Kubrat undid the bundle and broke each stick separately. He then proclaimed to his sons, "unity makes strength", which has become a commonplace Bulgarian folk slogan and now appears on the modern Bulgarian coat of arms. (Similar versions of this story occur also in Chinese and Japanese historic legends, as well as in the legend of Oghuz Khan and his six sons.)
The Byzantine Patriarch Nikephoros I of Constantinople relates that Kubrat's sons, however, did not live up to this advice,[citation needed] and thus soon after the death of Kubrat around 665, the Khazar expansion eventually led to the dissolution of Great Bulgaria. Batbayan at first remained the ruler of the lands north of the Black and the Azov Seas, but the Khazars soon subdued him. Those Bulgars, along with their Khazar masters, converted to Judaism in the 9th century. Furthermore, the Balkars in Kabardino-Balkaria may be also the descendants of this Bulgar branch.[citation needed]
The Eastern Bulgars, led by Kubrat’s second son Kotrag, migrated to the confluence of the Volga and Kama Rivers in what is now Russia (see Volga Bulgaria). The present-day republics of Tatarstan and Chuvashia are traditionally considered to be the descendants of Volga Bulgaria in terms of territory and people, but recent DNA research casts doubt on this tradition in regard to the Chuvash. Linguistically, only the Chuvash language is similar to the old Bulgar language;[16][17][18] the Tatar language belongs to a different branch of the Turkic languages.
The Bulgars led by Khubrat's youngest son, Asparukh, moved westward and occupied what is today the southern part of Bessarabia. He was followed by a small Bulgar horde.[19][20][21] A twelfth-century source gives its number as 10,000.[22] After a successful war with Byzantium in 680, Asparukh's khanate settled in Dobrudja. Asparukh and Byzantine Constantine IV Pogonatus signed a treaty in 681. Asparukh's khanate went on to conquer Moesia Superior. The year 681 is usually regarded as the year of the establishment of modern Bulgaria.
The smallest successor group to Great Bulgaria, the Alcek (also transliterated as 'Altsek' and 'Altcek' or 'Ducca Alzeco'), after many wanderings settled mainly near Naples in the Benevento and Salerno provinces, under the leadership of Emnetzur.
A group of Bulgars ruled by Kuber inhabited Pannonia. After breaking free of Avar overlordship, they migrated to Macedonia.[23] This group, numbering around 70,000,[24] included descendants of Roman captives of various ethnicities that had been resettled in Pannonia by the Avars.[25][26] The majority of historians do not see any evidence for the existence of a Bulgar khanate in Macedonia before 850 AD[citation needed]; but Zlatarski posits that Kuber was also a son of Kubrat, that Kuber's Bulgars formed a khanate in Macedonia, and that Kuber's khanate joined Slavs to attack the Byzantine Empire.
The legacy of Volga Bulgaria endured as part of the Muslim history of the Asian part of the Russian Empire; Russian historian S. M. Solov'ev reflected: "For a long time Asia, Muslim Asia built here a home; a home not for nomadic hordes but for its civilization; for a long time, a commercial and industrial people, the Bulgars had been established here. When the Bulgar was already listening to the Qur'an on the shores of the Volga and the Kama, the Russian Slav had not yet started to build Christian churches on the Oka and had not yet conquered these places in the name of European civilization".[27]
Society



The Madara Rider, a famous example of Bulgar art in Bulgaria, dated to c. 710 and attributed to the reign of Tervel of Bulgaria.
Archaeological finds from the Ukrainian steppe suggest that the early Bulgars had the typical culture of the nomadic equestrians of Central Asia, who migrated seasonally in pursuit of pastures. From the 7th century, however they became a settled culture, planting crops, and mastering the crafts of blacksmithing, masonry, and carpentry.
Social structure
The Bulgars had a well-developed clan system and were governed by hereditary rulers. The members of the military aristocracy bore the title boyil (boyar). There also were bagains - lesser military commanders. The nobility were further divided onto Small and Great Boyars. The latter formed the Council of the Great Boyars and gathered to take decisions on important state matters presided by the khan (king). Their numbers varied between six and twelve. These probably included the ichirgu boyil and the kavkhan (vice khan), the two most powerful people after the khan. These positions were administrative and noninheritable. The boyars could also be internal and external, probably distinguished by their place of residence — inside or outside the capital.[28] The heir of the throne was called kanartikin. Other subroyal titles used by the Bulgarian noble class include boyila tarkan (possibly the second son of the khan), kana boyila kolobur (chief priest), boritarkan (city mayor).
That the early Bulgar rulers used the title khan is only an assumption, since the evidence for it is scanty and only suggestive. There is the event of the Bulgarian ruler, Pagan being called "Καμπαγάνος" (Kampaganos) by Patriarch Nicephorus (Nikephoros) in the Patriarch's so called Breviarium, at the end of section 16. The editors of a Bulgarian edition of this source have claimed (via an annotation) that "Kampaganos" is a corruption of "Kan Pagan".[29][30] There is a word kanasubigi in stone inscriptions, which some historians presume is a compound of kana, the archaic form of 'khan'. Among the proposed translations for the phrase kanasubigi are 'lord of the army', from the reconstructed Turkic phrase *sü begi, paralleling the attested Old Turkic sü baši,[28] and, more recently, '(ruler) from God', from the Indo-European *su- and baga-, i.e. *su-baga (a counterpart of the Greek phrase ὁ ἐκ Θεοῦ ἄρχων, ho ek Theou archon, which is common in Bulgar inscriptions).[31] This titulature presumably persisted until the Bulgars adopted Christianity.[32] Some Bulgar inscriptions written in Greek and later in Slavonic refer to the Bulgarian ruler respectively with the Greek title archon or the Slavic title knyaz.[33]
Religion
Very little is known about the religion of the Bulgars. It is supposed to have been monotheistic on the evidence of Greek language inscriptions from pagan Danube Bulgaria, wherein Bulgar monarchs describe themselves as "ruler from God" and appeal to the deity's omniscience and justice. (The various monarchs are not identified by their personal name.) Presian's inscription from Filipi (837) states:
When someone seeks the truth, God sees [it]. And when someone lies, God sees [it]. The Bulgars have done much good to the Christians [meaning the Byzantines] and the Christians have forgotten [that], yet God sees [it all]".
It is traditionally assumed that the God in question was the Turkic sky god Tengri, with few occurrences of that name in documents related to Bulgaria. One such occurrence is in a late Turkish manuscript listing the names of the supreme god in different languages, which has "Tangra" for Bulgarian.[34] Another, from a severely damaged Greek language inscription found on a presumed altar stone near Madara, tentatively deciphered by Beshevliev as "(Kanasubig)i Omu(rtag), ruler (from God), was ... and sacri(ficed to go)d Tangra ...(some Bulgar titles follow)."[35] Beshevliev has also conjectured that the frequent Danube Bulgar runic sign ıYı (i.e. ) stands for "Tangra", as it seems to disappear after the conversion to Christianity.
A piece of ethnographic evidence which has been invoked to support the belief that the Bulgars worshipped Tengri/Tangra is the relatively similarity of the name "Tengri" to "Tură", the name of the supreme deity of the traditional religion of the Chuvash, who are traditionally regarded as descendants of the Suvar branch of the Volga Bulgars.[36] Nevertheless, the Chuvash religion today is markedly different from Tengriism and can be described as a local form of polytheism with some elements borrowed from Islam. In addition, there was the cult of the worship of Tangri-khan (called Aspandiat by the Persians) by the population of the Hun capital Varachan (i.e. Belenjer/Belendjer, "army head" [quarter]) [37] in Northern Dagestan, which is mostly known as "Kingdom of the Huns" [38] but which Russian historian M. I. Artamonov considered to be ethnically Bulgar. The cult involved sacrifice of horses and use of sacred trees in worship.[39]
D. Dimitrov has argued that the Bulgars also adopted elements of Iranian religious beliefs. He sees Iranian influences on the cult at Varachan and notes resemblances between the layout of the Zoroastrian temples of fire and what seem to be pagan Bulgar sanctuaries at Pliska, Preslav, and Madara. The architectural similarities include two squares of ashlars inserted one into another, oriented towards the summer sunrise. One of these sites was transformed into a Christian church, which is taken as evidence that they served a religious function.[40]
Officially Christianity was adopted in Danubian Bulgaria by Knyaz Boris I in 865 (as a state religion). Islam was officially adopted in Volga Bulgaria as a state religion in 922, but old religion revolts continued into the Mongol conquest in 1230's.
Language

Main article: Bulgar language
The origin and the language of the Bulgars has been the subject of debate since the turn of the 20th century. The current leading theory[41] is that at least the Bulgar elite spoke a language that, alongside Khazar and Chuvash, was a member of the Oghuric branch of the Turkic language family.[42][43][44][45] This theory is supported, among other things, by the fact that some Bulgar words contained in the few surviving stone inscriptions[28] and in other documents (mainly military and hierarchical terms such as tarkan, bagatur, and probably khan) appear to be of Turkic origin and written in Kuban alphabet of the Old Turkic script. Also, the Bulgar calendar had a 12-year cycle, similar to the one adopted by Turkic and Mongolian peoples from the Chinese, with names and numbers that are deciphered as Turkic. The Bulgars' supreme god was apparently called Tangra, a deity widely known among the Turkic peoples under names such as Tengri, Tura etc.[46]
Some also point out the presence of Turkic loanwords in the Slavic Old Bulgarian language and Church Slavonic language,[47] and the fact that the Bulgars used an alphabet similar to the Turkic Orkhon script, this alphabet was deciphered and analyzed by S.Baichorov:[48] fortunately, the Bulgar inscriptions were sometimes written in Greek or Cyrillic characters, most commonly in Greek, thus allowing the scholars to identify some of the Bulgar glosses. Contemporaneous sources like Procopius, Agathias and Menander called the Bulgars "Huns",[49] while others, like the Byzantine Patriarch Michael II of Antioch, called them "Scythians" or "Sarmatians", but this latter identification was probably due to the Byzantine tradition of naming peoples geographically. Due to the lack of definitive evidence, modern scholarship instead uses an ethnogenesis approach in explaining the Bulgars' origin. There are also a number of Iranic words in modern Bulgarian, inheritted from the Bulgars
Further evidence culturally linking the Danubian Bulgar state to Turkic steppe traditions was the layout of the Bulgars' new capital of Pliska, founded just north of the Balkan Mountains shortly after 681. The large area enclosed by ramparts, with the rulers' habitations and assorted utility structures concentrated in the center, resembled more a steppe winter encampment turned into a permanent settlement than it did a typical Roman Balkan city."[50]
In Bulgarian academy, a hypothesis linking the Bulgar language to the Iranian language group has become popular in the 1990s.[51][52][53][54] Most proponents still assume an intermediate stance, proposing certain signs of Iranian influence on a Turkic substrate.[55][56][57] while other Bulgarian scholars actively oppose the "Iranian hypothesis".[58][59]
Ethnicity



Victorious Bulgar warrior with captive, featured on an ewer from the Treasure of Nagyszentmiklos.[60]
Traditionally, historians have associated the Bulgars with the Huns, who migrated out of Central Asia. Anthropological data collected from medieval Bulgar necropolises from Dobrudja, Crimea and the Ukrainian steppe have shown that Bulgars were a Caucasoid people with a small Mongoloid admixture and practiced circular type artificial cranial deformation.[61][62][63][64][65][66] This finding is consistent with a model in which the Turkic languages were gradually imposed in Central Asia and East European Plain on Caucasian (Scythian) peoples with relatively little genetic admixture, another possible example of a language shift through elite dominance.[67][68] Ibn Fadlan, who visited Volga Bulgaria in the 10th century, describes the appearance of the Bulgars as "ailing" (pale) and "not ruddy" like the Rus' people.[69]
Due to the lack of definitive evidence, a modern scholarship instead uses an ethnogenesis approach in explaining the Bulgars' origin. Contemporaneous sources like Procopius, Agathias and Menander called the Bulgars "Huns"[70] while others, like the Byzantine Patriarch Michael II of Antioch, called them "Scythians" or "Sarmatians", but this latter identification was probably due to the Byzantine tradition of naming peoples geographically. The Bulgar language spoken by the Bulgar elites was a member of the Oghuric branch of the Turkic language family, alongside with Hunnic, Khazar and Turkic Avar.[71]
More recent theories view the nomadic confederacies, such as the Old Great Bulgaria, as the formation of several different cultural, political and linguistic entities that could dissolve as quickly as they formed, entailing a process of ethnogenesis.[72][73]
Genetics
Genetic and anthropological researches have shown that the Eurasian steppe's tribal unions of history were not ethnically homogeneous, but rather unions of multiple ethnicities such as Turkic, Ugric and Iranic among others. Skeletal remains from Central Asia, excavated from different sites dating between the 15th century BC to the 5th century AD, have been analyzed. The distribution of east and west Eurasian lineages through time in the region agrees with available archaeological information. Prior to the 13th - 7th century BC, all samples belong to European lineages; later, an arrival of East Asian sequences that coexisted with the previous genetic substratum was detected.[74]
Legacy

In modern ethnic nationalism, there is some "rivalry for the Bulgar legacy" (see Bulgarism).[75][75][76] The Volga Tatars and Chuvash are said to be descended from the Bulgars, as well as (possibly) the Balkars.
See also

Bulgar language
Bulgarians
Madara Rider
Volga Bulgaria
Balkar
Bolghar
Yuezhi
Kuber
Mount Imeon
Old Great Bulgaria
Notes

^ The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century, John Van Antwerp Fine, Publisher University of Michigan Press, 1991, ISBN 0-472-08149-7, p. 76.
^ Encyclopaedia Britannica Online
^ Rasho Rashev, Die Protobulgaren im 5.-7. Jahrhundert, Orbel, Sofia, 2005. (in Bulgarian, German summary)
^ a b Istituto italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente, East and west, Vol. 21, 1971, p.214
^ David Marshall Lang, The Bulgarians: from pagan times to the Ottoman conquest, Westview Press, 1976, p.39
^ Otto Maenchen-Helfen, The World of the Huns: Studies in Their History and Culture, University of California Press, 1973, p.443
^ The New Cambridge medieval history, Volume 4, Part 2, Cambridge University Press, 1995, ISBN 0-521-36292-X, p. 229.
^ http://www.kroraina.com/p_bulgar/p_bulg2a.htm
^ Bowersock, Glen W. & al. Late Antiquity: a Guide to the Postclassical World, p. 354. Harvard University Press, 1999. ISBN 0-674-51173-5.
^ Karaty,O. In search of the lost tribe: the origins and making of the Croatian nation, pp 24-26 [1]
^ Karataty, Osman. In Search of the Lost Tribe: the Origins and Making of the Croatian Nation, p. 28.
^ Dobrev, Petar 2001
^ Fries, Lorenz and Claudius Ptolemy. Tabula IX. Europae. In: Servetus, Michael. Opus Geographiae. Lyon, 1535.
^ Germanus, Nikolaus and Claudius Ptolemy. Geographia. Ulm: Lienhart Holle, 1482. (fragment)
^ http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/2849381
^ The Uralic language family: facts, myths and statistics, Angela Marcantonio, Wiley-Blackwell, 2002, ISBN 0-631-23170-6, p. 167.
^ Encyclopedia of the languages of Europe, Glanville Price, Wiley-Blackwell, 2000, ISBN 0-631-22039-9, p. 88.
^ Studies in Turkic and Mongolic linguistics, Royal Asiatic Society books, Gerard Clauson, Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, Routledge, 2002, ISBN 0-415-29772-9, p. 38.
^ Васил Н. Златарски. История на Първото българско Царство. Епоха на хуно-българското надмощие с. 188.
^ Ал. Бурмов, Създаване на Българската дъжава с. 132.
^ Образуване на българската народност. Димитър Ангелов (Издателство Наука и изкуство, “Векове”, София 1971)с. 203—204.
^ The early medieval Balkans: a critical survey from the sixth to the late twelfth century, John Van Antwerp Fine, University of Michigan Press, 1991, ISBN 0-472-08149-7, p. 68.
^ Zlatarski 1970 [1918]: 514
^ Mikulchik 1996: 71 (§VI.1.Б)
^ Hupchick 2001
^ Curta 2006
^ S. M. Solov'ev, Istoriia Rossii s drevneishikh vremen, vol. 5 – 6 (Moscow, 1959-1965), p. 476.
^ a b c Beshevliev 1981 (online)
^ Breviarium of Patriarch Nicephorus, Included in (Bulgarian)Fontes graeci historiae bulgaricae, VI: 305
^ Mango 1990: English translation of the Breviarium of Patriarch Nicephorus
^ Stepanov 2003
^ Sedlar 1994: 46
^ Manasses Chronicle, Vatican copy of the Bulgarian translation, p. 145
^ Beshevliev 1981: ch. 7
^ Beshevliev 1979 Photograph and transcription of the "Tangra" inscription near Madara (Bulgarian)
^ Tokarev, A. et al. 1987-1988
^ Gmyrya, L. 1995. Hun country at the Caspian Gate: Caspian Dagestan during the epoch of the Great Movement of Peoples. Makhachkala: Dagestan Publishing, pp. 23, 24
^ Gmyrya, L. 1995. Hun country at the Caspian Gate: Caspian Dagestan during the epoch of the Great Movement of Peoples. Makhachkala: Dagestan Publishing
^ Dimitrov 1987
^ Dimitrov 1987
^ http://www.csc.kth.se/~dilian/Papers/bulgars.pdf[full citation needed][self-published source?]
^ Petrov 1981: §A.II.1
^ Angelov 1971: §II.2
^ Runciman 1930: §I.1
^ Siegert 1985: 46
^ Sedlar 1994: 141 (Google Books preview)
^ Tzvetkov P.S., The Turks, Slavs and the Origin of the Bulgarians//The Turks, Vol 1, pp. 562-567, Ankara, 2002, ISBN 975-6782-55-2, ISBN 975-6782-56-0
^ Baichorov S.Ya., Ancient Turkic runic monuments of the Europe, Stavropol, 1989 (In Russian)
^ Maenchen-Helfen 1973: ch. IX
^ Hupchick 2001: 10
^ Добрев, Петър, 1995. "Езикът на Аспаруховите и Куберовите българи" 1995
^ Бакалов, Георги. Малко известни факти от историята на древните българи Част 1 част 2
^ Димитров, Божидар, 2005. 12 мита в българската история
^ Милчева, Христина. Българите са с древно-ирански произход. Научна конференция "Средновековна Рус, Волжка България и северното Черноморие в контекста на руските източни връзки", Казан, Русия, 15.10.2007
^ Бешевлиев, Веселин. Ирански елементи у първобългарите. Античное Общество, Труды Конференции по изучению проблем античности, стр. 237-247, Издательство "Наука", Москва 1967, АН СССР, Отделение Истории.
^ Rüdiger Schmitt (Saarbrücken). IRANICA PROTOBULGARICA: Asparuch und Konsorten im Lichte der Iranischen Onomastik. Academie Bulgare des Sciences, Linguistique Balkanique, XXVIII (1985), l, 13-38
^ Rasho Rashev. On the origin of the Proto-Bulgarians, p. 23-33 in: Studia protobulgarica et mediaevalia europensia. In honour of Prof. V. Beshevliev, Veliko Tarnovo, 1992.
^ Йорданов, Стефан. Славяни, тюрки и индо-иранци в ранното средновековие: езикови проблеми на българския етногенезис. В: Българистични проучвания. 8. Актуални проблеми на българистиката и славистиката. Седма международна научна сесия. Велико Търново, 22-23 август 2001 г. Велико Търново, 2002, 275-295.
^ Надпис № 21 от българското златно съкровище “Наги Сент-Миклош”, студия от проф. д-р Иван Калчев Добрев от Сборник с материали от Научна конференция на ВА “Г. С. Раковски”. София, 2005 г.
^ Dobrev, Ivan
^ D.Dimitrov,1987, History of the Proto-Bulgarians north and west of the Black Sea.
^ Сарматски елементи в езическите некрополи от Североизточна България и Северна Добруджа. Елена Ангелова (сп. Археология, 1995, 2, 5-17, София)
^ М. Балан, П. Боев. Антропологични материали от некропола при Нови пазар. — ИАИ, XX, 1955, 347— 371
^ Й. Ал. Йорданов. Антропологично изследване на костния материал от раннобългарски масов гроб при гр. Девня. - ИНМВ, XII (XVII), 1976, 171-194
^ Н. Кондова, П. Боев, Сл. Чолаков. Изкуствено деформирани черепи от некропола при с. Кюлевча, Шуменски окръг. — Интердисциплинарни изследвания, 1979, 3—4, 129— 138;
^ Н. Кондова, С л. Чолаков. Антропологични данни за етногенеза на ранносредновековната популация от Североизточна България. — Българска етнография, 1992, 2, 61-68
^ Becoming eloquent: advances in the emergence of language, human cognition, and modern cultures, Francesco D'Errico, Jean Marie Hombert, John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2009, ISBN 90-272-3269-5, pp. 175-176.
^ [Origin and evolution of languages: approaches, models, paradigms, Bernard Laks, Equinox, 2008, ISBN 1-84553-204-X, pp. 46-49.]
^ R.Frye, Ibn Fadlan's journey to Russia, 2005
^ The World of the Huns. Chapter IX. Language, by O. Maenchen-Helfen
^ Encyclopaedia Britannica Online - Bulgars
^ N.M. Khazhanov. Nomads and the Outside World. Chapter 5
^ Christian, David. 1998. History of Russia, Central Asia, and Mongolia. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-20814-3
^ Lalueza-Fox, et al. 2004
^ a b Viktor Aleksandrovich Shnirelʹman, Who gets the past?: competition for ancestors among non-Russian intellectuals in Russia, Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 1996, ISBN 0-8018-5221-8, ISBN 978-0-8018-5221-3. Cf. chapters: The Rivalry for the Bulgar Legacy, The Neo-Bulgarists, etc.
^ James Stuart Olson, Lee Brigance Pappas, Nicholas Charles, An Ethnohistorical dictionary of the Russian and Soviet empires, Greenwood Publishing Group, 1994, ISBN 0-313-27497-5, ISBN 978-0-313-27497-8, p.114
References

(Bulgarian) Angelov, Dimitŭr [Димитър Ангелов]. 1971. Образуване на българската народност. Sofia: Nauka i Izkustvo, “Vekove”.
Arnaiz-Villena, A., et al. 2003. HLA genes in the Chuvashian population from European Russia: Admixture of central European and Mediterranean populations. Human Biology, June 2003.
(Bulgarian) Beshevliev, Vesselin [Веселин Бешевлиев]. 1979. Първобългарски надписи. Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (BAS).
Beshevliev, Vesselin [Веселин Бешевлиев]. 1981. Proto-Bulgarian Epigraphic Monuments. The original is also available online (Bulgarian): Прабългарски епиграфски паметници. Sofia: Издателство на Отечествения фронт.
Curta, Florin. 2006. Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500-1250. Cambridge Univ. Press. Series: Cambridge Medieval Textbooks.
Dimitrov, Dimityr. 1987. History of the Proto-Bulgarians north and west of the Black Sea. Translated from the Bulgarian, Prabylgarite po severnoto i zapadnoto Chernomorie; Varna. The original is also available online (Bulgarian) here [2].
(Bulgarian) Dobrev, Ivan [Иван Добрев]. (2005?) Златното Съкровище на Българските Ханове от Атила до Симеон (анотация). Sofia: Rakovski Military Academy [Военна Академия "Г. С. Раковски"]. Compare same title and author except without the анотация (anotacija — annotations): Sofia, Riva, 2005.
(Bulgarian) Dobrev, Petăr. 2001. Nepoznatata drevna Bălgarija (The Unknown Ancient Bulgaria). Sofia: Ivan Vazov Publishers. ISBN 954-604-121-0.
Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Bulgars.
(Bulgarian) and (Greek) Fontes graeci historiae Bulgaricae (FGHB) [Гръцки извори за българската история] (Greek sources of Bulgarian history). Edited by Ivan Dujchev, Genoveva Tsankova-Petkova, et al.. Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (BAS), Institute of History [Институт по история]. (In Byzantine Greek and Bulgarian). This content is in the DjVu format and requires corresponding special reader software.
Hupchick, Dennis P. 2001. The Balkans: From Constantinople to Communism. Palgrave. ISBN 0-312-21736-6.
Lalueza-Fox, C.; Sampietro, M. L.; Gilbert, M. T. P.; Castri, L.; Facchini, F.; Pettener, D.; Bertranpetit, J. (2004). "Unravelling migrations in the steppe: Mitochondrial DNA sequences from ancient Central Asians". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 271 (1542): 941–7. DOI:10.1098/rspb.2004.2698. PMC 1691686. PMID 15255049.
Maenchen-Helfen. Otto. 1973. The World of the Huns. Univ. of California Press.
(Bulgarian) Manasses (or Manassia, Manasi), Constantine. 1992 [c. 1187 in Byzantine Greek]. Khronikata na Konstantin Manasi: Zorata na bulgarskata epika. (Bulgarian translation of the Byzantine Greek.) Universitetsko izd-vo "Sv. Kliment Okhridski"
(English) and (Greek) Mango, Cyril A. 1990. Nikephoros, Patriarch of Constantinople: Short History. Washington, D. C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection. ("Short History" = "Breviarium")
(Macedonian) Mikulčić, Ivan [Иван Микулчиќ]. 1996. Средновековни градови и тврдини во Македониjа. Skopje: Makedonska Civilizacija. (In Macedonian.)
(Bulgarian) Petrov, Petǎr [Петър Петров]. 1981. Образуване на българската държава. Sofia: Nauka i Izkustvo.
Runciman, Steven. 1930. A history of the First Bulgarian Empire. London: G. Bell & Sons.
Sedlar, Jean W. 1994. East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000-1500. University of Washington Press.
(Bulgarian) Shishmanov, Ivan [Шишманов, Иван]. 1900. Критичен преглед на въпроса за произхода на прабългарите от езиково гледище и етимологиите на името българин.
(German) Siegert, Heinz. 1985. Osteuropa—Vom Ursprung bis Moskaus Aufstieg. Panorama der Weltgeschichte, vol. II. Heinrich Pleticha (ed.). Bertelsmann-Lexikon-Verlag.
Stepanov, Tsvetelin. 2001. The Bulgar title KANAΣYBIΓI: reconstructing the notions of divine kingship in Bulgaria, AD 822–836. Early Medieval Europe, March 2001, 10(1): 1-19. Abstract.
(Russian) Tokarev, Sergei A et al. 1980. Mify narodov mira (Myths of the world's peoples).
Zakiev, Mirfatyh [Закиев, Мирфатых]. 2003. Origin of Turks and Tatars. Part II: Origin of Tatars. English translation of Russian language work, Происхождение тюрков и татар.
(Bulgarian) Zlatarski, V. N. [Васил Н. Златарски]. 1970 [1918]. История на българската държава през средните векове. Sofia: 2nd edition (II изд.) 1970 by Nauka i Izkustvo; 1st edition (I изд.) 1918.
Curta, Florin, ed., with the assistance of Roman Kovalev. 2008. The other Europe in the Middle Ages: Avars, Bulgars, Khazars, and Cumans. BRILL.
Viktor Aleksandrovich Shnirelʹman, Who gets the past?: competition for ancestors among non-Russian intellectuals in Russia, Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 1996, ISBN 0-8018-5221-8, ISBN 978-0-8018-5221-3. (Chapter The Rivalry for the Bulgar Legacy at Google Books).
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[Razer]

Even imagion that all Bulgarians of this day and age were uneducated peasants not able to read and write, would 60 years make an impact on them?
Would it impact on how Bulgarians would think of themselves and their opinions of Macedonians?

Of course it will, but that assimilation is not done by force as you guys seem to think. It's done gradually over the decades and with the will of the Macedonian people.

[Razer]

What is the situation in RoM with the Pomaks?

[Daskalot]

Of course it will, but that assimilation is not done by force as you guys seem to think. It's done gradually over the decades and with the will of the Macedonian people.

Were you alive back in the 1870s-1930s to be able to tell us if it was done by force or not?
There were only a few options available to the Macedonians who wanted to get educated etc. But to think that it would not alter their vision of themselves and the world is ridiculous, some got very effected by it and some less. Propaganda is a vicious tool and The Balkan Wolves used it to the best of their ability to brainwash the Macedonian population.
If the same was done to Bulgaria by Macedonia if the roles were reversed in the 1870s you would not be the people you are today. This is for sure.
So please stop brining documents that directly plays into the hands of the Bulgarian propaganda, past, present and future.

[Razer]

In 1923, the Macedonian intellectuals in Bulgaria established the Macedonian Scientific Institute, which still exists till today in Sofia. It is the oldest institution that deals with the history of Macedonia and has the largest library of historical material regarding Macedonia. So it's not like we don't know what happened 100 years ago...

But I'll shut up about it...I know this is a sensitive issue and I don't want to be making it worse. I'm just answering your questions based on my honest opinion. No bad intentions, I promise.

[George S.]

Bulgaria - a second veto for Macedonia's EU/NATO membership

http://www.focus-fen.net/index.php?id=f2932

Utrinski Vesnik: Bulgaria is preparing a red card for Macedonia
25 June 2012 | 20:16 | FOCUS News Agency

On Friday in Sofia was held an expert hearing on Where is the Republic of Macedonia Going To, Macedonian Utrinski Vesnik daily writes today, referring to FOCUS News Agency . The publication points out that the forum was organized after the statements of Bulgarian Prime Minister Boyko Borisov that Bulgaria is against the name Northern Macedonia.
"Let’s show Macedonia a yellow card and put conditions for EU membership. This is the message that came out of the round table in Sofia,” Utrinksi Vesnik writes. "When you steal history, it is almost the same as stealing territory," Dr. Lyubomir Ivanov, President of the Manfred Wörner Foundation said. National identity is not only situated in the territorial space but in time, Dr. Ivanov said. He suggested the Bulgarian national interest to be protected as Bulgaria put two specific conditions before the membership of Macedonia in the EU. First - textbooks in Macedonian schools to explicitly state the nationality of the Bulgarian Tsar Samuil, of Gotse Delchev, of all prominent persons in our common history, who identified themselves as Bulgarians.
The second condition, according to Dr. Ivanov, should be - to stop discrimination against the Bulgarians in Macedonia from the Macedonian Constitution.
These two conditions, according to Ivanov should become Bulgarian red lines until they have not been met there to be Bulgarian veto on the opening of negotiations for EU membership, saying that without these conditions, the Republic of Macedonia does not fulfill the criteria for good neighborly relations.
"They must cease to wash the brains of younger generations through falsification of history. This leads to a historical diagnosis - to be Macedonian in nationality. They are divided. Every morning they wake up and say to themselves in the mirror - I am Macedonian. I hate Bulgaria," Academician Georgi Markov said.
Tito created a nation under the Comintern prescription on anti-Bulgarian basis, Academician Markov said.
"They should not throw EUR 80 million when they have 30% unemployment and the country hardly breathes. Only one monument should be erected – of Marshall Tito. He is the father of the Macedonian nation," Markov said. According to him, Macedonia needs to change the history books.
"Tsar Samuil, Cyril and Methodius, Gotse Delchev, Miladinovtsi brothers, Saint Paisius of Hilendar - these are Macedonian Bulgarians. They are identified as Bulgarians, and if someone in Skopje today defines himself as Macedonian is his own problem," Markov said.
Deputy Chairman of Bulgarian Parliament Georgi Pirinski proposed to initiate a joint session of parliamentary committees on European Affairs and Foreign Policy of both countries to address the question of relations between Bulgaria and Macedonia.
BNT correspondent for many years in Skopje Kosta Filipov, in his turn, argues that in Macedonia there is media darkness in respect of matters relating to Bulgaria and that the recommendations of the European Parliament to respect the Bulgarians and Bulgarian history are not known in Macedonia. However, it is necessary to help Macedonia overcome their problems so that both peoples to move forward. According to some participants if they allow Macedonia to join the EU it will become three times more bold and brutal than now. Leader of VMRO-BND Krasimir Karakachanov believes that it is useless to speak on the topic if the Bulgarian political elite do not define a few very simple things.
We have to answer the question do we have interest in Macedonia to be debulgarized (i.e. to become depopulated by Bulgarians) Albanizied and Serbianized (i.e. inhabited by Albanians and Serbians). Do we have interest after 40 years our neighbor at our border to be Albanian population? Albanians have a very clear strategy, speak very clearly with no illusions for one people, one country - Great Albania," Karakachanov said.
"If you open the website of the Foreign Ministry, will see the themes of Myanmar, Syria and all sorts of other nonsense that at least we are interested in, but you will not see any problem with the Bulgarian, who was crushed in Macedonia. We do conferences and talking crap, "he said.
"Bulgaria, which first recognized the Republic of Macedonia, is treated no better than Greece, and in some cases even worse," MEP Evgeni Kirilov said. "Our brothers live next to us [Bulgaria]. We all ask the question “Where is the Republic of Macedonia going to” all our citizens ask that question. We must answer many questions. Not only related to the past, and to give a basis to create in view of our behavior, in view of the future of relations with Macedonia," Kirilov said.
"The bitter conclusion is that Skopje does not understand well-meaning words. Well, let’s not be like the Greeks as giving them a red card, but it is high time to bring out a yellow card to warn them that this behavior is not European," Academician Georgi Markov said. According to Academician Markov - Macedonians can rely on support from Bulgaria for their EU membership, but this support should not be unconditional, because this support is being abused.
"12 years ago an Ambassador Georgi Spasov, who entered in my director's office and shook his finger and told me: Professor, I am Macedonian. I have the right to self-determination. The I said - well, you have the right to self-determination as a Macedonian, but it does mean that your grandfather was not Bulgarian. This historical diagnosis splits them and so they go to extremes to convince themselves that they have a new national identity and only went in antiquity and built such monuments for EUR 80 million and Arc de Triomphe. But the history there became a great policy," academician Markov said.
The publication states that some participants were more moderate.

[George S.]

Razer that's news to me of how assimilation was done if that's the case wwhy were people beaten up for being macedonian.Why were people ordered not to speak the macedonian idiom.Stop making forced assimmilation as something carried out that was light over a decade.We know how the greeks did it we know the serbians,We also know bulgarians forced people to speak bulgarian & identify as bulgarian.Your comments are bs in the light of feed back we have had over the years..You make mockery of it & treat it like a joke.That means you don't respect us.Violence was given to macedonians who refused to give up their macedonian consciousness.But all these attrocities will be rembered & paid back 100 times back to your totalirian govt.Can one blame the ordinary bulgarian people for this or the govt for carrying out these forced assimilations..See now you make a mockery of it all by not recgnizing what your govt did to the macedonians.
You don't even read the facts i gave you about the 2011 census of people forced to say they are bulgarian or afterwards of how the census got monipulated made changes without the authority.Yes razer the feed back we get is just lies & omo is a serbian creation is there anything else oh well like the greeks the macedonians don't exist.Maybe the bulgarians are falling behind they should declare that they are macedonians.

[George S.]

from tm:
Macedonians were better fighters than Bulgarians
This is a piece of an article by the American journalist Stephen Bonsal titled "The Balkan Powder Mine Explodes" concerning Macedonia. It was published September 1912.

Quote:
What of Macedonia?

THE Balkan allies, even before the great powers are taken into council, seem to fight shy of the details of the Macedonian question. The division of Macedonia, that salad of odds and ends of races and mosaic of religious creeds, is not worked out in detail, and apparently that considerable party of Macedonian Slavs under Sandansky and the late Boris Sarafoff, the kidnapper of Miss Stone, who have strenuously opposed the annexation of their tormented country to Bulgaria for some years past, are not given any consideration whatever in the settlement. Probably the movement for the independence of Macedonia, with which they are identified, will now disappear, although it may not do so. Doubtless this party of malcontents were merely the result of, and their outbreaks were provoked by, some of the many self-seeking moves which Bulgaria has made in the Macedonian question during the last decade. In this connection it is a fact which should not be forgotten, and which certainly loses nothing from its frequent telling to the shepherd revolutionists on the bare hills above the Vardar, that Macedonian volunteers under Major Panitza were much more helpful to Russia in the great war which she waged for the emancipation of the Bulgarian provinces than were the Bulgarians themselves. Indeed, all Macedonians hold, whatever their views on the final solution of the question may be, that in this way a debt of gratitude was incurred by the Bulgarians which should have been frankly recognized and liberally requited at the first opportunity. However, it is probable that the magnificent triumph of the Bulgarian arms to-day will be accepted as a perfect justification of King Ferdinand's somewhat tortuous policy in the recent past, and that there will be no effective opposition to the extension of Bulgarian rule over Macedonia.
This is what 19th century Russian journalist Petar Vladimirovic Alabin ( http://www.oshchima.com/Historical%2...ents/hdoc1.pdf) wrote in 1878:

Quote:
Another need also had to be satisfied, to which I could not stay indifferent. For example, when the companies of Bulgarian veteran., who had served with such dignity their now resurrecting fatherland in the numerous battles beyond Stara Planina, on Stara Planina and on Sipka, were disbanded to go home, since the companies were made up exclusively of volunteers, it became apparent that many of them had nothing to go back with to their native places. The Macedonians had the greatest need of help in money, for they are not able to return to their native homes, since their fatherland is still occupied by the Turks. Yet it is well-known that the Macedonians were the best people in the companies (and) filled even our old soldiers with enthusiasm by their courage and manliness in the battles. I distributed 894 Francs for food to such Macedonians, expecting the possibility of their return to their fatherland. ..
__________________

[George S.]

I'm going to swear now razer you are a fucking liar Look at the information i got from amnesty international. australia chapter.You have been lying all the time making small talk & negating everything that we don't know what we are talking about here it is you liar.
Bulgaria and Romania: EU must address outstanding human rights concerns
21 October 2005, 01:00PM

Amnesty International EU Office press release

(Brussels, 19 October 2005) With the European Commission due to release its annual monitoring reports on Bulgaria and Romania on 25 October, Amnesty International calls on the European Union to keep up pressure on the two accession countries on some crucial outstanding human rights concerns.

Amnesty International welcomes the positive developments in human rights protection and promotion in both Bulgaria and Romania in the past years but says these countries still present areas of concern where individuals' rights are violated in breach of international human rights standards. The human rights organisation has regularly informed the Commission of its concerns.

In a briefing paper released today, Amnesty International highlights its concerns in both countries over problems relating to the rights of people with mental disabilities, ill-treatment by law enforcement authorities and discrimination against Roma communities.

Amnesty International invites the EU to urge the Bulgarian and Romanian governments to:

guarantee the human rights of the mentally disabled by establishing an effective system for monitoring psychiatric institutions, including the recording of all deaths of patients and residents in such institutions;
curb the use of excessive force by the police, by ensuring that full and impartial investigations are conducted into all cases of shootings by law enforcement officials, ensuring that the results of such investigations are made public and that perpetrators are brought to justice;
prevent racism and discrimination against the Roma populations by effectively ensuring that discriminatory and racist actions do not go unpunished.
The briefing paper "Bulgaria and Romania: Amnesty International concerns in EU accession countries" is available on: http://www.amnesty-eu.org.

For further comment/background and interviews:

Amnesty International EU Office (Brussels):
Tel: +32-2-5021499 Fax: +32-2-5025686
Email: AmnestyIntl@aieu.be
Web-site: http://www.amnesty-eu.org
you must think we are idiots or stupid or something,you got a lot to hide.You can run but you can't hide.Your country is the same as greece * it did the same thing & is doing continuously to macedonians & you can just lie & hide from the truth.That is the biggest propaganda you got to to twist the truth to any way you can.Denial & paranoia is another just like the greeks.You are a LIAR face it.If you keep it up you are disrespectfull to us macedonians.You originally came & said that macedonians are treated unjustly but you didn't mean it you fucking liar.I spoke to emnesty international & they said they get reports of mistreatment coming from bulgaria all the time over the years nothing has really changed.

[George S.]

The Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples'
© AI
Amnesty International is committed to ensuring the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples’ is implemented locally and nationally through legislation, policies and programs.

The 46 articles of this Declaration reaffirm the rights of all Indigenous peoples, and represent the standards for the survival, dignity and well-being of all First Peoples across the world.

The Declaration state the rights:

to self determination
to freedom from discrimination
to freedom from assimilation
to maintain and enjoy distinct culture
and to the principles of free, prior and informed consent
Macedonians in Pirin are indigenous to the area not some tarar turkic bulgarian.How many rights are you following on Razer to make sure our people are getting it.Also we want our land you took by force unjustly & illegally from us in the balkan wars.This was on the pretext that you were liberating it from the ottomans.Yes it was an illehal land grab.When are the indigenous macedonians of pirin going to get their land back???

[Razer]

George, I'm not saying Bulgaria is perfect, because it's far from that. I can sped all day listing you problem after problem...But please visit Amnesty International's site and try to find a single word about discrimination of Macedonians in Bulgaria.

Amnesty International - Bulgaria

The only thing you'll find is problems with the Roma.

You seem to think that there's some kind of evil and racist totalitarianism in Bulgaria, but lets look at some facts:

Global Peace Index:

Bulgaria: 39th place
Serbia: 64th place
Albania: 66th place
Macedonia: 68th place
Greece: 77th place
Turkey: 130th place

Human Development Index

Bulgaria: 55th place
Serbia: 59th place
Albania: 70th place
Macedonia: 79th place
Greece: 29th place
Turkey: 92th place

Freedom in the World

Bulgaria:
Political Rights: FREE / Score 2 (lower number means better)
Civil Liberties: FREE / Score 2 (lower number means better)

Macedonia:
Political Rights: PARTLY FREE / Score 3 (lower number means better)
Civil Liberties: PARTLY FREE / Score 3 (lower number means better)


Failed States Index

(higher number means better)

Bulgaria: 130th place
Serbia: 89th place
Albania: 118th place
Macedonia: 109th place
Greece: 138th place
Turkey: 85th place

[Razer]

And since you mentioned Stephen Bonsal - have you read Balkan Reader?

Balkan Reader by Stephen Bonsal (PDF)

[Razer]

You can find all of Bonsal's books here: http://www.unz.org/Author/BonsalStephen